This publication establishes safety requirements relating to the predisposal management of radioactive waste arising from: the operation and decommissioning of nuclear facilities; the application of radionuclides in industry, medicine and research; the processing of raw materials containing naturally occurring radionuclides; and the cleanup of contaminated sites. Safety requirements for the rel…
This publication presents a summary of discussions from a consultants meeting on the merits and challenges associated with the operation of aqueous homogeneous reactors (AHRs) for the production of the isotope technetium-99m (99mTc) and includes the technical presentations given by the participants during the meeting. Currently, 80% of all radiopharmaceutical procedures employ 99mTc, a product …
Nuclear security culture is an important component of an effective nuclear security regime, as it serves as a tool to improve the performance of the human component at nuclear facilities and organizations to counter both insider and outsider threats. Security culture connotes not only the technical proficiency of the people but also their awareness of security risks and motivation to follow est…
INPRO is an international project to help ensure that nuclear energy is available to contribute in a sustainable manner to meeting the energy needs of the 21st century. This publication is part of Phase 2 of INPRO and provides a summary of seven nuclear energy assessment (NESA) studies that document the application of the INPRO methodology in national nuclear power programmes, in specific desig…
On 17 June 1997 a physicist working as a senior technician at the Nuclear Centre, Sarov, in the Russian Federation, was severely exposed as a result of a criticality accident with an assembly of highly enriched uranium. The exposure, which caused a high neutron radiation dose, led to death within three days despite prompt medical attention. This is the first report that the IAEA has published o…
Radiological environmental impact assessment models are important tools to ensure protection of the public and the environment. The IAEA has an ongoing programme to improve capabilities in this area by model testing and comparison, reaching consensus on modelling philosophies, approaches and parameter values. This publication describes and summarizes the findings of Working Group 9 carried out …
This publication was developed from the exchange of information, experiences and practices by participating Member States at the IAEA Technical Meeting on the Safety and Security Interface — Approaches and National Experiences, held in Vienna in 2018. It aims to provide a better understanding of the important elements of the interface between nuclear safety and nuclear security for facilities…
On 24 July 1996 a serious accident occurred at the Gilan combined cycle fossil fuel power plant in the Islamic Republic of Iran. A worker unknowingly put an unshielded 185 GBq iridium-192 source used for industrial radiography in his pocket. As a result of exposure to the iridium source, the worker suffered from severe haematopoietic syndrome (bone marrow depression) and an unusually extended l…
Theranostic radiopharmaceuticals have shown tremendous capabilities in the last decade in the treatment and diagnosis of human diseases via nuclear medicine procedures. In particular, the use of radiometals has experienced a great increase as a result of the development of relevant production technologies. This publication presents the outcome of an IAEA coordinated research project (CRP) focus…
The hydrosphere represents an important pathway by which radioactive materials caft be dispersed from a nuclear power plant into the environment and hence to man. The dispersion in surface water is discussed in this Guide while the question of dispersion in groundwater is presented in the Safety Guide on Nuclear Power Plant Siting: Hydrogeologic Aspects (IAEA Safety Series No.50-SG-S7).